Risks And Process Of Waste Incineration Environmental Sciences Essay

Risks And Process Of Waste Incineration Environmental Sciences Essay It is specified, under this act that that waste is disposed of or recovered without putting human health at risk and without harming the environment in particular, such as air, water, animals, plants or soil and also It should not cause any foul smell or noise around so as to affect any human being. (Environmental Protection) Some of the other legislations that can be listed are as per follows. 2. The Waste Management Licensing Regulations 1994 3. Environment Act 1995 4. Waste Minimisation Act (1998) 5. Pollution Prevention and Control Act (1999) 6. The Producer Responsibility Obligations (Packaging Waste) Regulations 2005 7. The Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment Regulations 2006. (UK Wasteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) It should be noted that the above list is not exhaustive. The purpose of all these legislation is to protect the environment and all natural substances such as air, water, land, animal, plants and surroundings from the ill effects of hazardous chemicals and industrial wastes. The Risks Associated with Existing Incineration Sites Incinerations are not a right waste disposal technique for the following reasons. Destroying Valuable Resources Incineration of waste simply means that materials have been used only once and then are destroyed. It is a fact that all natural resources that we make use of have finite supplies. All natural resources whether it is iron, aluminum, copper, plastic, glass do not have unlimited supplies then why are we not thinking on recycling of these natural resources? Precious natural habitats and forests in Indonesia, Brazil, Malaysia, and Myanmar were exploited on mass scale for the supply of timber and production of pulp for paper mills. This is also the reason why some of the species have become extinct and natural ecological system has been put in jeopardy. Wood and paper recycling is need of the day to save our forest area. For that matter recycling of all natural produce is a necessity in these ever increasing consumer demands. A small study on SELCHP Incinerator It is a myth that incinerators finish the waste. Einsteins principle holds true here also that matter cannot be destroyed but are only transformed from one form to another. Essentially, incinerators do not destroy them they just convert it into gases and ash. Household waste which is a cocktail of many harmful substances when burnt in incinerator produce many harmful gases and part of it gets released into atmosphere through chimney. The residue known as ash goes for landfill. Incinerators burn the wastes that create toxic fumes. Though the norms are made by regulatory authorities; often they are violated by the incinerator operators. Two incinerators that are in operation in south London (SELCHP) and North London (Edmonton) were fined for infringements innumerable times in the last 15 years. It is known that domestic waste contains fluorescent tubes and bulbs which have mercury in it, plastic materials, cadmium and many other harmful compounds. Besides, some of the electrical appliances contain cadmium, chromium and lead. They cause more volatile compounds in the heat of incinerator and generate dangerous vapors which get escape from chimneys of the incinerator into the atmosphere polluting natural environment and air. (SELCHP INCINERATOR 2002) Dioxin-a most Potent Threat to the Mankind The plastic materials like PVC, CPVC which contain bound chlorine with them and release dioxins when gets burnt. Dioxin, most toxic substance second only to radioactive waste, falls under the class of super-toxic chemicals that forms during burning of plastics and organic chemicals. In the past, people were made to leave the places such as Love Canal and Times Beach, Missouri due to excessive contamination of dioxin. Various plasticizers used in production processes of plastic are also harmful when get burnt in the incinerator as they emit toxic gases which in turn get released in the atmosphere. At least for last more than 25 years incinerators are used to burn industrial and medical waste. A large list of domestic products using vinyl plastics when burned in incineration is a reason of increased level of dioxin, which spreads settling on crops that are subsequently eaten by cattle. It not only contaminates lakes, rivers and other water source but also accumulates in the fat tissues of the animals and secreted in milk and meat products. Dioxin is excreted by the human and animal body very slowly and they are mostly indestructible. (Dioxin 2011) Most Potential Reasons That Go Against Incinerators Incinerators emit enormous amount of greenhouse gases such as nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and create change in global climate. Incinerators emit more amount of Carbon dioxide in comparison to any fossil fuel-based power plant that includes coal based power plant per unit production of electricity. (Burning wasteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Industries of the area take advantage of the situation. Industries around dump their toxic waste to get rid of and thus conveniently hide their dirty practices. In a way they use the incineration system to their advantage and continue their operations at the cost of society. Incinerators take away the recycling possibilities of natural materials and thus create the wastage of the natural resource. The possibilities of extra job creations in recycling industries are taken away by the costly incineration technologies. In a way, it is a colossal waste of not only natural resources but public money. (Recycling versusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) It is a myth that incinerators produce energy from waste but the truth is that by burning the waste they increase the consumption of fresh materials. This tends to increase the energy consumption in producing those materials. Energy consumption is at least 4-5 times more in producing fresh material in compare to recycling of those materials. (Burning wasteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Residual ash generated is almost found to be 30 percent of the original waste by weight and that needs to be disposed of to landfill sites. The ash is toxic and though all precautions are taken in land fill, they may get leaked into groundwater. All toxins being in ash has more chance of leaching then when they are in unburned state. As per the EU commission, leaching from landfills will be one of the most potential sources of dioxins in coming years. The landfill area has been accumulating huge amount of ashes by burning the waste in incinerators and will be a serious concern for continual source of pollutants in the water streams and then it will be difficult to remove it and preserve our water sources. The spoiled water from such carcinogenic compounds will bring a doom for society at large. (SCHARFF H) The bottom ash is being used for construction purposes; however, this is far from being safe. Mainly the ash is being employed for the road construction and the ash mainly contains lead, arsenic, sulfates, zinc, that are in unbound state and not suitable for use in road construction. The authorities permit bottom ash for road maintenance and construction and likely to cause leaching in underground source of water spoiling good water source. It is to be kept in mind that the ash containing highly toxic materials such as dioxins and heavy metals has all chance of leaching to the surrounding soils and can spoil the agricultural land permanently. This is highly dangerous in the sense that it can spoil the food products such as grains, fruits and vegetables which are consumed by humans. No monitoring is being done on such construction and on its after-effects and it is not known what cost society may have to pay for such practices in the long run. The leaching of these compounds will main ly take place intensively during rain, snow and windy environment. Incinerator ash is currently being used by Birmingham City Council for road building in huge amount. Even in the capital city of London, its use has been made at the places like Waltham Forest, Enfield, Greenwich and Essex. It is being used extensively in road construction but without proper monitoring and knowing that how and in what intensity it can spoil good arable land and water sources. (What Happensà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Incinerator Report in Byker, Newcastle Incident on Byker plant in Newcastle is worth noting. On the insistence of local populace and many environment protectionists that they do not want incinerator any further, municipal council agreed to take the stock of the situation. A working group was formed comprising local residents, various agencies and council members to examine the issues and proposals. Since 1994, bottom and fly ash from incinerators were used in preparing path material in and around Newcastle and total materials used were to the tune of 2000 tonnes. Initial tests showed presence of heavy metals and on public demand the Council agreed to carry out further testing at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. (Dioxins foundà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) The results showed 800 times more dioxin level than the normal levels. Even sites which were not dumped with ash showed heightened levels of dioxin indicating that chimney emissions had fouled them. (Dioxins foundà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Researchers at Newcastle University examined 16 allotment sites where the ash was used; 13 were found to have very heavily elevated levels of copper, lead and zinc, as reported by the paper Guardian in its issue 26 May, 2000. (Dioxins foundà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Alternative Plan to Handle Municipal Waste It is true that landfill area has to be reduced for several reasons. European Landfill Directive demands considerable reduction in the quantity of biodegradable waste disposal. It has formulated three step reduction in waste going for land filling. Taking 1995 as baseline, the first step reduction is set at 25% by 2010, second step at 50% by 2013 and last step at 65% by 2020. Due to this reason many municipal authorities take the stand that incinerator is necessary to meet the norms under the directive but the argument is not acceptable for several reasons. (Landfill Directivesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦p 8) If just 30% of newspaper, card and organic wastes, are recycled, it is possible to meet the first target as required by the directive in reducing biodegradable waste going to landfill. This and future targets can certainly be achieved with the systems and technologies that are currently available. It should be noted that targets are only for biodegradable waste. Government estimates itself tell that 60% of the current waste is biodegradable so in a sense there is no difficulty in meeting the government norms with regard to landfill targets. Though, it is necessary to decrease the amount of waste going for land filling but it is not at all necessary to use incinerator for the purpose. Several towns such as Canberra in Australia by 59%, the city of Edmonton in Canada by 70% and the towns in New Zealand and USA have successfully achieved reductions in land filling up to even 70 percent without resorting to any incineration technology. This has been achieved by them in a short span of 5 years. As such, most of the people in the industry have the view that 60% is quite realistic target for reduction in landfill by recycling and other methods. (SELCHP INCINERATOR, p 5) This can otherwise be achieved through skillfully designed methods and techniques as laid down in the following plans. An efficient collection and composting of garden, kitchen waste is the first step in this process to meet the recycling targets and Landfill directives. The domestic stream materials separation needs some basic infrastructure and that can also be used for recyclable material from trade and similar streams. The source separation of waste is critical step in waste reduction programme. It can be separated in three streams. A. Dry Stream B. Compostable Stream C. Residuals Oil, light bulbs, paint pesticides will not be included in the municipal waste stream. They will have separate collection points at appropriate locations. Wet Organics-Stream 1 Subsequent to separation, Composting will be the next step towards waste management. Organic material causes major environmental issues and its separation reduces the toxicity level for it eliminates organic acid which dissolves heavy metals and cause the leaching. Organic waste constitutes about 40 percent of the household waste. Taking away the full range of organic materials along with dry recycling reduces the volume and odour causing potential of the residual stream. Garden and kitchen waste streams are treated separately. Food waste is normally high density and can be composted at enclosed facilities while green waste being low in density can be composted separately. Home composting is the best solution for garden waste. Dry Recyclables-Stream 2 Metal, cans, glass bottles, paper, textiles constitute about 30-40% of dry recyclables. However, this requires following steps in order to make it successful a. It needs educating people to have maximum participation so that these dry recyclables are collected to its maximum. b. New collection ways and means are employed for convenient and successful collection of these materials. Residual Waste-Stream 3 The best part of Mechanical-Biological Treatment (MBT) is not to mix up recyclables, organics and toxic materials so that they cannot contaminate each other. MBT reduces the amount of the residual by a further 50% MBT System can be summarized as per the following 1. Source separation 2. Mechanical stage. Metals, plastics and other materials are removed. 3. The biological stage made of composting system to reduce the weight. The materials composted at this stage are paper, card board, kitchen waste, and the organic material. 4. The residue is now reduced to a great extent and also stabilized. This can be land filled as it now carries a very low risk of methane production. (Landfill Directiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Advantages over Incineration The advantage of MBT plant is their flexibility to adjust as per modular concepts. They can be constructed quickly at much lesser cost. With all hazardous materials removed from the waste stream, the residuals will be more inert like. This can be finally composted and send to landfill. In contrast, incinerator always keeps on generating toxic gases from chemical and thermal reactions. Plastics and paper are the two materials that provide maximum calorific value in municipal wastes. Plastic is the main cause of hazards and paper recycling is much more beneficial compared to fresh production as already discussed earlier. (Landfill Directiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Thus, we conclude that government should stop promoting Incinerator installations to treat municipal waste and think of the other ways as out lined above to treat municipal wastes

Jane Eyre and Helen Burns Comparison

Jane Eyre and Helen Burns are best friends at Lowood, but they both see the world differently. Each one is treated individually and handles their punishments in their own way. They both cherish their faith, but it can’t exactly solve all their problems in life. That is why they turn to each other and be supportive throughout their time at Lowood. Even though the school isn’t fair and is tough on the girls, they still manage to stay true to themselves. To begin with, Jane and Helen have different personalities.Jane is more of a rebel, while Helen prefers to just go with the flow. Jane has a sense of self-worth, dignity, a commitment to justice and principle, a trust in god, and a passionate disposition. She is also an intelligent, honest, plain-featured firl forced to contend with oppression, inequality, and hardship. Meanwhile, Helen manifests a certain strength and intellectual maturity. Like Jane, Helen is restlessly imaginative and ornery. Although, Helen’s su bmissive and ascetic nature highlights Jane’s headstrong character.Both Jane and Helen are orphans that long for a home and fair treatment. Helen believes that she will find her home in Heaven rather than Northern England, while Jane longs for love and freedom. With this in mind, Jane does not like it when people treat her poorly, so she’s always ready to strike back. Helen doesn’t like receiving cruel punishment either, but she prefers to just accept it because she knows it’s never going to stop. She endures her miserable life with a passive dignity that Jane can’t understand. Jane struggles to find others who understand her.Helen in some ways is a more mature version of Jane because of the way she handles situations and pushes her way through life. Above all, both girls turn to their faith to help them endure their life at Lowood. Helen represents a mode of Christianity that stresses tolerance and acceptance. She trusts her own faith and turns th e other cheek to the Lowood policies. She believes that justice will be found in God’s ultimate judgement – God will reward the good and punish the evil. On the other hand, Jane us unable to have such blind faith. She counts on God for support and guidance in her search.Her quest is for love and happiness in this world. All in all, Jane Eyre and Helen Burns are two very different girls dealing with similar struggles at Lowood. They may turn to each other for help, but they also turn to their faith. Their faith is a major part of what keeps them going strong in life, as well as friendship. Jane and Helen may not like the way that there are treated, but they manage to deal with it and make their way through life’s toughest battles. They just listened to their heart and believed in themselves and each other.

Same Sex Marriage By Kennedy - 1141 Words

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Human Resources Development (HRD) - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2697 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? HRD Executive summary HRD is about developing the skills and understanding needed for planning and designing training and development, through the understanding of how people learn and the suitability of different training methods and initiatives. MS developed a promotional campaign that emphases on values of innovation by providing good customer services to look after customers. Table of Content Page Introduction à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã ‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.3-3 Task 1: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..3-6 Task 2: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã ƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..7-11 Task 3: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã ¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..11-14 Task 4: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..15-22 Conclusion à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã ƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦22-22 Reference à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢ â‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.23-25 Introduction The achievement of sustained and equitable development remains the greatest challenge facing the human race. Although, the developments of the last three decades also indicate that while remarkable progress has been made in a number of directions, the fruits of development have not benefited the worlds growing number of poor people. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Human Resources Development (HRD)" essay for you Create order However, this report will emphasis more in detail from task one to task four; including conclusion and reference. AC1.1 Different kinds of learning styles exist, which are as follows- Auditory. Visual. Kinaesthetic. In the case of MS; each of these learning styles is different and has its own character attached to its management levels as considered below: Auditory learners are good at listening to learning material and this has a higher impact on all learning styles. Sound understanding may be selective in nature, with some sounds being easier to follow than others. The visual learners generally listen to learning material and a lot depends on graphics, picture and also types of presentation. Charts and also graphs may be seen as easier forms of learning and it is easier for them to follow that. Kinaesthetic learners have their learning based on experience. This is one of the best techniques which use hands on learning experience. Also, it may be seen that stationary learning may not be possible in their case, and they tend to move around (Baker et al., 2005). AC1.2 Learning curve is a method used in the learning process and also helps in augmenting experience. The learning can be explained on the y-axis part and experience can be done as a part of x-axis. Its main function is optimization of all learning processes in a company. Marks and Spencer can use it in controlling all learning processes and making them more suited to all needs of an organization. Incremental learning can be controlled by using this method, and also helps in making decisions. The data and all other components may be optimized by using this method, and also helps in choosing the parameters and models. Transfer of learning is one of the major methods used in this process; while some of the necessary factors in this part are as follows- There is a transfer of knowledge which helps in increase of diffusion among different groups. Culture based on knowledge is developed in an organization, which also plays a part in acceleration of knowledge. Productivity in the organization becomes better and also increases at a more rampant rate, making it easier for processes to take place. The POS (Perceived Organizational Support) increases to a large extent by using this mechanism (Cropanzano et al., 2001). AC1.3 The learning styles as well as theories can be of different kinds, and can be used in modulation of different kinds of learning systems. David A. Kolbs is based on methods that are related to experiential learning. So, two methods of learning can be followed in this case, which are as follows- Concrete Experience Abstract Conceptualization If transforming experience is seen, the example is as follows- Reflective Observation. Active Experimentation. All of these styles of learning have to be put in its place, for making it more holistic in nature and also its use. Matching learning styles can be developed for required people. David Kolbà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Experiential Learning Model (ELM) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Concrete Experience à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Å" Active Experimentation Reflective Observation à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Abstract Conceptualization à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚  The elements of this model are as follows- Concerts. Things to do. Discovery method. Sets of objectives as well as schedules. Adaptable Converger Analogies Specific problems Tests hypothesis Best answer Working alone Problem solving VARK model Another method that is used for categorization is called as VARK model. Some of the main elements of this are- visual learners; auditory learners; reading-writing preference learners; Kinaesthetic learnersortactile learners. So, each of these techniques may be used in accordance to needs and also other accompanying process parameters (Cropanzano et al., 2001). AC2.1 The training needs of the staff at different levels would vary depending on quantum of jobs being made available. The training need of the staff has to be calibrated to organizational needs and ensure that adequate degree of knowledge transfer takes place. Succession has to be managed among different members, which also designs and decides the success or failure of organizations. Development of staff has to take place in congruence with levels of hierarchy. Some of them are as follows- The A level of managers that have 24 months of training. The university level ones, who have a training period of 12 months from time of joining. People having experience in retail industry have to train for 3 months. Marks and Spencer has to allow this kind of training to take place and make it available to all individuals Competency mapping is another area that is intrinsic to management, which is related to business and technical needs. Identification of gaps can be done by using this method and helps in fulfilling organizational needs. So, some of the aspects in this regard are leadership, business training and also other needs (Baker et al., 2005). AC2.2 Marks and Spencers generally follow an in-house method of training program. Also, it maintains a higher level of homogenous nature in all of its training aspects. Some of the advantages and also disadvantages as seen in the method are as follows- Advantages- Costs are saved in the training program. The cost savings come from varies avenues ranging from the facilities being used to other places. External influences during the process of training are lesser, making it easier for training to function. Costs of travelling are saved during this method. Fuel prices are rising at a rapid rate, and using these methods de complicates training. A higher amount of focus can be achieved on training programs making it more economical. Examples form working scenario can be taken, which also matches organizational culture. Disadvantages Administration has to be extra, which has an impact on the resource allocation of a company. Delegates have a high amount of pressure, and cannot be taken off from classrooms on need. The session may not be taken with the requisite levels of seriousness. The training material being used may become obsolete. Opportunities for networking may be quite less, and this may not allow learning to happen from one to another. Best practices may not be set up for ensuring that markets are made better, this also means that companies do not get a chance to improve (Cropanzano et al., 2001). TASK AC3.1 Marks and Spencers needs to have a system for the training program, and the following steps may be followed- TNA (Training Needs Analysis) has to be done as the first step. It helps in identification of needs that come as a part of the training process. Format and procedure needs to be followed during training, so that competency is maintained. So, work management mechanism has to be put in place. Design of training process is the next step that has to be followed, so that all deliverables are maintained for function to take place. Development is the next step, so that all designs are converted into material for training. This may include the lesson plans, and all other activities. The very next stage is putting the plan into practice, so effectiveness of all the raining needs is ensured by this step and mechanism. The next step of this process is ensuring that evaluation takes place. So, the outcomes being set at the beginning of any process has to be put in place, and it also ensures that process of training is followed in right earnest. The last part of this process is feedback from total process. This ensures that all process parameters are maintained and adequate responsibilities are put in perspective. If any changes are required in any of the parts, this may be done so as to ensure that all major points are achieved, as outlined in the beginning(Cropanzano et al., 2001). TASK 03 AC3.1 METHODOLOGY OF TRAINING The training evaluation can be done in a number of ways, which can be mentioned as following- Observation All skills can be performed in an easy way. The language type can be non-verbal in nature and used for provision of information. Interview Opinions can be voiced by using this opportunity. Verbal kind of response as well as non-verbal responses can be seen and modulated. Performance appraisal Discussion of performance can be done in an easy way. A new broad based discussion can be done on areas of improvement. Self-evaluation There is a scope for identification of strength as well as weaknesses. Performance of all individuals is reflected. Cost benefit analysis Program costs are identified. Viability of financial analysis can be done Questionnaire Time can be saved. Nature of usage is economical. These are the areas of training that are based on participants, area of the training used, specifications of trainer and other generic parameters(Cropanzano et al., 2001). AC3.2 Analysis of any of the training events can be done in a number of ways. They differ according to some points, also if the raining is technical, differences may crop up. Some major points are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" This is dependent on content of training program as well as activities involved in it. The feedback given by the participants and also trainer in terms of effectiveness. The change in knowledge of all participants based on involvement. The resultant changes that take place in a workshop, due to the nature of resources being used. TNA (Training Needs Analysis) is the starting point for all training needs and it serves as an initial point for training to take place. The basic premise and needs for raining is established before the start of it, and it plays an important part in raining process (Cropanzano et al., 2001). AC3.3 Methods of evaluation that are used can be eventually checked, one example of this process is called as peer review. Employees are used in this process for evaluation. But, none of these may be used for giving any kind of promotions, discipline or provision of bonuses. Productivity and satisfaction of workers can also rise because of this. But, it has to have a certain level of acceptance attached to it, in the case of either the creation or doing the evaluation. Self-evaluations This is one of the other methods that is used in evaluation, and can be also used as an honest means of analysis. Here, the manager has to guide the process. Setting of goals is another method used for objective setting. Also, parameters can be created for evaluation of judging the process (Cropanzano et al., 2001). TASK 04 AC4.1 Learning is an area in which the government has to play a large role, so that market competency is maintained fully. So, this also means that employee engagement has to be increased. Training is an areas where government can play a major role, so it also makes learning much better. Learning can be used as means for reducing unemployment, and also maintains the economy in a high state. So, either there can be skilled or competitive labour. So, challenges are faced by policy makers for setting various roles, various kinds of labour and also government. So, main points for assistance are as follows- Assistance for training needs and process. Facilitation of training. Infrastructure allotment to all major players UK government has to ensure that all of these needs are addressed by ensuring confidence of stakeholders. So, areas of action are as follows- Offering of tax breaks to employers for investing in skills related to welfare of all sections. Greater access has to be provided for all learning avenues. Funding has to be made easier by reducing the red tape that surrounds it. Development of skills among all young people. Labour market has to be tapped and controlled for ensuring that all changes are monitored. Learning processes need to be accelerated (Pearce, 2000). AC4.2 Competency movement has been a great impact on all aspects of private and public life. This has played a part in fostering linkages between the competencies that are organization based, core competencies and competencies related to jobs. Control of all executives, organizational effectiveness and all other related functions also play a part in it. Some of the major aspects of this method are as follows- A differentiation can be made between the attributes ad behaviours that are different among top performers and others, which involve the low level performers. Practical kinds of observations and the ones based on validation of all desired kinds of results. A description of different kinds of skills, attitudes, behaviours and attitudes that can be linked to performance, career development and pay. Results and models that help in research can be aligned. Reliable model and their validation. Competency can be used as model that is also used as driving approach and also helps in deriving strategic success in all organizations. Approach is driven by competency as a major factor. Comprehensive models must be used by all companies. All the output has to be reliable and seen from a technical perspective. So, these are the impact areas of competency movement (Frese, 2001). AC4.3 The UK government has to form an approach on the appropriate initiatives which are totally based on the premise of training as well as development. An approach to CR (Corporate responsibility) has been developed where all the activities are based on welfare of labour force. So, this is an important part in the development process of all initiatives. So, all initiatives are based on the fact that they are driven by principles, driven by stakeholders and also based on development. So, a large number of frameworks are used which are as follows- UN Global Reporting Initiative Global Compact International Integrated Reporting Council draft framework And, Consumer Good Forum Sustainability Activation Toolkit. Also, there are frameworks for sustainability in business called as Communityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Corporate Responsibility Index and sector based plans called as British Retail Consortiumà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"A Better Retailing Climateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ being put in place. Defraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Environmental Reporting Guidelines is also generally published by the UK government and is useful in drafting of the governance code. ISO 14000 environmental management series, EMAS, BSI Public Available Specifications, ISO50001 on energy management, ISO 26000 on sustainability, OHSAS8001 on health safety, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Investors in Peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and NVQ accreditation in case of SA8000 compliance, which are used as certificates for sustainability. There is also presence of other certifications, which has an inclusion of mandatory label of energy as well as voluntary based schemes. So, these also cover the environmental impacts of different systems. So, voluntar y schemes covering all areas of performance based on environment such as EU Eco-label, and organic etc), recyclability (UK on Pack Recycling Label scheme), nutrition values and also measure based on sustainability. So, these are examples of some of the initiatives by government which would help companies like Mark and Spencer (Frese, 2001). REFERENCES Pearce, J.L., Henderson, G.R. 2000. Understanding acts of betrayal: Implications for industrial and organizational psychology. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 15: 165-188. Frese, M., Fay, D. 2001, Personal initiative: An active performance concept for work in the 21st century. Research in Organizational Behaviour, 23, 133-188. Cropanzano, R., Rupp, D.E., Mohler, C.J., Schminke, M. 2001. Three roads to organizational justice. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 20: 1-114. Resources Management, 20: 331-370. Arshanapalli, Bala, T. Daniel Coggin, and William Nelson, 2001, Is fixed-weight asset allocation really better, Journal of Portfolio Management 27, 27- 38. Artzner, Philippe, Freddy Delbaen, Jean-Marc Eber, and David Heath, 1999, Coherent Measures of Risk, Mathematical Finance 9, 203-228. Baker, August J., Dennis E. Logue, and Jack S. Rader, 2005. Managing Pension and Retirement Plans: A Guide for Employers, Admin istrators, and Other Fiduciaries (Oxford University Press, New York). Pinder, C., Harlos, K. 2001 Employee silence: Quiescence and acquiescence: A review of the literature from a stakeholder perspective. Research in Personnel and Human Page 1 of 14